posted 1st March 2025
Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of people around the world using platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to connect with others, share their experiences, and consume information. However, a growing body of research suggests that excessive social media use can have a significant impact on mental health, particularly in terms of anxiety.
We will explore the relationship between social media use and anxiety, examining the ways in which social media can contribute to anxiety and discussing the implications of these findings for individuals, policymakers, and mental health professionals.
The Prevalence of Anxiety
Anxiety is a common mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, affecting an estimated 301 million people in 2017 (WHO, 2017).
Anxiety can take many forms, including generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias. Symptoms of anxiety can include feelings of worry, nervousness, and fear, as well as physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
Research has shown that excessive social media use can contribute to anxiety in several ways. Here are some of the key findings:
1. Social comparison: Social media platforms showcase the highlight reels of other people's lives, making it easy to compare and feel inferior. A study published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking found that people who spent more time on social media were more likely to experience social comparison and decreased self-esteem (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).
2. Fear of missing out (FOMO): Social media can create a sense of FOMO, as people feel pressure to stay connected and up-to-date with events and activities. A study published in the journal Computers in Human Behaviour found that FOMO was associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression (Przybylski et al., 2013).
3. Sleep disturbance: Exposure to screens and the constant notifications from social media can interfere with sleep patterns, leading to sleep disturbance and fatigue. A study published in the journal Sleep Health found that social media use before bedtime was associated with poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration (Cain & Gradisar, 2010).
4. Cyberbullying: Social media can also be a source of anxiety due to the risk of cyberbullying. A study published in the journal Journal of Adolescent Health found that victims of cyberbullying were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts (Hertz et al., 2017).
The Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Social Media and Anxiety
Research has identified several mechanisms that may underlie the relationship between social media and anxiety. Here are some of the key findings:
1. Activation of the brain's reward system: Social media can activate the brain's reward system, releasing feel-good chemicals such as dopamine. However, this can lead to a cycle of craving and addiction, as people become increasingly reliant on social media for feelings of pleasure and validation (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011).
2. Increased stress and arousal: Social media can also increase stress and arousal, particularly if people are exposed to threatening or disturbing content. A study published in the journal Psychophysiology found that exposure to violent video games increased stress and arousal in players (Gentile et al., 2014).
3. Reduced self-esteem and self-confidence: Social media can also reduce self-esteem and self-confidence, particularly if people are exposed to idealised or unrealistic images and messages. A study published in the journal Body Image found that exposure to idealised images of peers on social media reduced self-esteem and body satisfaction in young women (Slater & Tiggemann, 2015).
Implications and Recommendations
The findings of this research have important implications for individuals, policymakers, and mental health professionals. Here are some recommendations:
1. Limit social media use: Individuals can reduce their risk of anxiety by limiting their social media use. This can involve setting boundaries around social media use, such as not using social media before bedtime or during meals.
2. Take breaks from social media: Taking breaks from social media can also be beneficial. This can involve taking a few days off from social media each week or engaging in activities that do not involve social media.
3. Practice self-compassion: Individuals can also reduce their risk of anxiety by practicing self-compassion. This can involve being kind and understanding towards oneself, rather than critical or judgmental.
4. Seek professional help: If individuals are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, it is essential to seek professional help. This can involve consulting with a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist.
The impact of social media on anxiety is complex and multifaceted. By understanding the mechanisms underlying this relationship and taking steps to mitigate its negative effects, individuals can reduce their risk of anxiety and promote overall well-being.
References:
Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Medicine, 11(8), 735-742.
Gentile, D. A., Reimer, R. A., Nath, D., & Walsh, D. A. (2014). Assessing the effects of violent video games on children: A review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 521-538.
Hertz, M., Jelen, A. E., & Wilfert, K. (2017). The impact of cyberbullying on mental health in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(3), 351-356.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552.
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out (FOMO): Scale development and validation. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848.
Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2015). A comparative study of the impact of traditional and social media on body image concerns in young women. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 113-124.
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and anxiety disorders: A guide for community mental
